The history of dog training is undergoing a dramatic shift from dominance and force-based methods to modern, force-free, positive training techniques. This change is not only significant for dog welfare but also reflects the growing ethical concerns of dog guardians. In this blog post, we will explore the development of dog training through the ages and discuss how the future of training is focused on the well-being and happiness of our canine companions.
The Origins of Dog Training
Dog training has its roots in early human-dog relationships, where dogs were primarily bred for hunting, herding, and working purposes. Early training methods were primarily centred on discipline and control, as dogs were expected to perform specific tasks with unwavering obedience.
Dominance and Force-Based Training
The dominance theory in dog training has its origins in the belief that dogs are constantly seeking to establish a hierarchical position over their guardians. This notion led to force-based training methods, such as choke collars, prong collars, and physical punishment, to maintain control and suppress unwanted behaviours. These techniques have negative effects on dog welfare and the bond between dogs and their guardians.
The Ethical Concerns of Prong Collars and Electric Collars
Prong collars and electric collars are training tools that have raised significant ethical concerns in recent years. Prong collars, designed to apply pressure to a dog's neck when pulled, can cause injury to the trachea, neck, or spine and often result in pain and discomfort. Electric collars, which deliver an electric shock to a dog's neck to deter undesired behaviours, can lead to burns, stress, anxiety, and fear. Both of these methods rely on inflicting pain and distress on dogs, undermining trust and negatively affecting the dog-guardian relationship.
Aversive dog training methods also negatively impact a dog's brain chemistry and emotional welfare. These techniques cause stress, leading to the release of cortisol and adrenaline, which can result in anxiety and fear. Over time, chronic stress may impair the dog's ability to learn, develop trust, and form healthy bonds with their guardian. The increased stress also suppresses serotonin production, a neurotransmitter crucial for mood regulation, ultimately diminishing the dog's overall well-being and happiness.
The Shift Toward Positive, Force-Free Training
The emergence of positive, force-free training methods marks a turning point in the history of dog training. Scientific research and behavioural studies began to shape modern training practices, demonstrating the benefits of positive reinforcement techniques for both dogs and their guardians.
Teaching through positive reinforcement positively affects a dog's brain chemistry and emotional state. This training method involves rewarding desired behaviours, which leads to the release of dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and learning. As dopamine levels increase, dogs experience enhanced motivation, happiness, and a stronger bond with their guardian. Additionally, positive reinforcement reduces stress, allowing dogs to learn more effectively and develop trust in their guardian and trainer.
Food works as positive reinforcement by activating the brain's reward system, specifically the mesolimbic dopamine pathway. When a dog receives a treat for displaying desired behaviour, the brain releases dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure, motivation, and learning. This process reinforces the neural connections related to the behaviour, making it more likely to be repeated in the future. Food's inherent value as a primary reinforcer stems from its biological importance, satisfying hunger and providing energy. Consequently, using food rewards in training capitalises on this innate value, effectively shaping and strengthening desired behaviours through neurochemical reinforcement.
By closely observing a dog's emotional state, trainers can tailor the training experience to reduce stress and enhance focus. Environmental factors, such as distractions and noise levels, are adjusted to facilitate effective learning. Precise timing of reward delivery is crucial, as it creates an association between the desired behaviour and the food reward. This process strengthens neural connections related to the behaviour through the release of dopamine.
The Future of Dog Training: Ethical and Welfare-Focused
The growing adoption of force-free, positive training methods represents the future of dog training, with ethical considerations and dog welfare at the forefront. These approaches prioritise the well-being and happiness of our canine friends, promoting stronger bonds and healthier relationships between dogs and their guardians. Examples of force-free training methods include reward-based training, clicker training, and desensitisation techniques, which all contribute to a more enjoyable and successful training experience.
While dog training plays a crucial role in building a harmonious relationship with our canine companions, living ethically with dogs also involves respecting their inherent dogness and acknowledging their need to practice natural behaviours. Recognising that dogs have their unique instincts, drives, and desires allows guardians to create an environment that caters to these innate tendencies. By providing opportunities for dogs to engage in species-specific activities such as sniffing, digging, and foraging, we enrich their lives, promote mental well-being, and strengthen our bond with them. In essence, fostering an ethical relationship with dogs goes beyond training, encompassing a profound understanding and appreciation of their true nature.
The National Institute for Canine Ethics
The National Institute for Canine Ethics is a membership-based organisation that promotes ethical and humane treatment of dogs. NICE is ABTC and UK Dog Charter Accredited.
By joining, members show their commitment to upholding high standards for dog care and welfare. The institute offers two free webinars each month, covering a range of topics related to canine health and behaviour, to provide members with ongoing education and support. If you are passionate about dogs and want to make a difference in their lives, the National Institute of Canine Ethics is a great community to be a part of.